标准2025如果没有木材我们会怎样呢？仅2015年一年，人类就消耗了多达3.1亿立方米的软木以及1.3亿立方米的硬木，总价值为1,290亿美元。随着高达18层的木结构大楼的涌现，人们对木材的需求与日俱增。由于木材种类繁多，加上每个国家出产的木材种类有限, 全球木材贸易就变得十分必要，且规模巨大。但是木材种类和国家进口政策的不同使跨境贸易面临一些挑战。制定一系列ISO标准的目就是帮助解决这一问题。
由于性质多样，且在可持续管理的情况下比较环保，木材和锯材是良好的建筑材料。但是通用分类系统的缺少令国际木材贸易面临困难。因此，ISO木材结构技术委员会（ISO / TC 165）综合了60多个国家的木材生产和消费地区的专家意见，制定了一套国际标准。这套标准规定了标准框架和工作方式，确保人人适用，有利于减少贸易阻碍。
一、为什么要有国际木材分类系统？
ISO木材结构技术委员会（ISO / TC 165）主席Erol Karacabeyli说：“我们行业面临的挑战之一是木材种类级别繁多，没有几千个，也有几百个，每一个都有不同的工程性能。因此，为一个建筑项目选择最适合的材料并不简单。”
“为了解决这个日益严重的问题，欧洲曾推出一种木材分类系统，该系统要求所有的木材种类级别组合归为近十大类。然而北美的木材行业并不接受欧洲的分类系统。经过多年的工作和磋商，委员会有能力制定一套可以被所有人接受的国际木材分类系统框架。”
二、标准是什么？
ISO / TC 165制定的标准旨在解决木材外观和机械性能两方面的分级和测试，并为软木和硬木木材强度国际分级系统提供框架。
其中包括：
. ISO 9709，结构木料-外观强度分级-基本原则
. ISO 12122-1，木材结构-特征值测定-第一部分：基本要求
. ISO 12122-2，木材结构-特征值测定-第二部分：锯材
. ISO 13912，结构木料-机械强度分级-基本原则
. ISO 13910，木材结构-强度分级木材-结构性能的试验方法
. ISO 16598，木材结构-锯材的结构分类
. ISO 18100，木材结构-指接木材-加工及生产要求*
*正在制定中
三、国际范围的采用
当所有国家都在采用ISO标准时，这些标准的真正益处才能显现。可以预料的是，适用于锯材结构分类的ISO 16598在全球范围内采用会促进成千上万个软木和硬木品种的贸易。
四、展望未来
ISO / TC 165还有一些项目正在进行，包括国际标准和一些关于以下内容的相关文件：
. 交叉复合木材(CLT)
. 木地板震动设计方法
. 木材混凝土板的剪切连接, 这是一个为设计师提供新选择的混合系统
. 钻尾自攻螺丝框架
. 木质产品的长期结构性能
. 木结构连接的屈服点
. 竹子
Facilitating international trade of wood with ISO standards
Where would we be without wood? In 2015 alone, we humans consumed a whopping 310 million cubic metres of softwood lumber and 130 million cubic metres of hardwood lumber, totalling USD 129 billion. And the hunger for wood is increasing, with wooden buildings as high as 18 storeys starting to pop up. With the diversity of types of wood and the fact that not every country produces every type of wood, the global trade of timber is a huge and necessary business. But not all wood – nor import policy – is alike, making cross-border trade somewhat of a challenge. A range of ISO standards aim to help.
Lumber, or sawn timber, is often the material of choice for construction because of its diversity of properties, and, if sustainably managed, is environmentally friendly. But international trade of lumber has its difficulties due to a lack of classification systems that are universal to all. And so the ISO technical committee on timber structures (ISO/TC 165), drawing on the input of experts from over 60 countries, for the most part in timber-producing and -consuming regions, developed a suite of International Standards that help reduce these barriers to trade by producing standardized frameworks and ways of working that can be used by everyone.
Why have an international lumber classification system?
“One of the challenges within the industry is that there are hundreds, if not thousands, of timber species-grade designations, each with unique engineering properties, so choosing the most appropriate for a construction project is not easy,” said Erol Karacabeyli, Chair of ISO/TC 165.
“To address this ever increasing problem, Europe introduced a lumber classification system that required all lumber species-grade combinations to be categorized into about ten classes. The European system, however, was not acceptable to the North American industry. But after years of work and negotiations, the committee was able to develop the framework for an international lumber classification system that is acceptable to all.”
What standards?
The standards developed by ISO/TC 165 are designed, therefore, to address grading and testing of both visually and mechanically graded lumber and provide a framework for an international strength classification system for both softwood and hardwood lumber. These include:
. ISO 9709, Structural timber – Visual strength grading – Basic principles
. ISO 12122-1, Timber structures – Determination of characteristic values – Part 1: Basic requirements
. ISO 12122-2, Timber structures – Determination of characteristic values – Part 2: Sawn timber
. ISO 13912, Structural timber – Machine strength grading – Basic principles
. ISO 13910, Timber structures – Strength graded timber – Test methods for structural properties
. ISO 16598, Timber structures – Structural classification for sawn timber
. ISO 18100, Timber structures – Finger-jointed timber – Manufacturing and production requirements*
*Under development
Towards international adoption
The real benefit of the standards will be realized when all countries adopt them nationally, and it is anticipated that ISO 16598 for the structural classification of sawn timber will eventually be adopted globally, facilitating the trade of thousands of types of softwood and hardwood lumber.
Looking forward
ISO/TC 165 also has a number of projects in the pipeline, including International Standards and related documents for:
. Cross-laminated timber (CLT)
. Vibration design method for timber floors
. Shear connections for timber-concrete slabs, a hybrid system that gives designers new choice
. A framework for self-drilling screws
. Long-term structural performance of wood-based products
. Yield point for connections in timber structures
. Bamboo